Boundary layer control of flow separation and heat exchange

ABSTRACT

Boundary layer control for delay or prevention of flow separation and/or increase in rate of heat exchange between a surface and a fluid by an arrangement of surface elements which may take the form of either crests or discreet concave depressions in the surface, having effective depths or dimensions of less that that of the adjacent boundary layer thickness, to cause the formation of vortices with succeeded surface elements being positioned to cause vortex amplification, for effective boundary layer mixing with less drag, weight penalty, noise, and energy loss than that of conventional vane-type generators.

United States Patent 1191 Kuethe BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL OF FLOW SEPARATION AND HEAT EXCHANGE Arnold M. Kuethe, 490 Barton N. Drive, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106 Filed: Oct. 12, 1970 Appl. No.: 79,948

Related U.S. Application Data Inventor:

Division of Set. No. 743,350, July 9, 1968, Pat. No.

U.S. Cl. 165/1, 165/181 Int. Cl F281 l/20 Field of Search 165/181, 182

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 11/1932 Modine 165/181 June 26, 1973 Primary Examiner-Charles Sukalo AttorneyMarechal, Biebel, French & Bugg 57 ABSTRACT Boundary layer control for delay or prevention of flow separation and/or increase in rate of heat exchange between a surface and a fluid by an arrangement of surface elements which may take the form of either crests or discreet concave depressions in the surface, having effective depths or dimensions of less that that of the 7 adjacent boundary layer thickness, to cause the formation of vortices with succeeded surface elements being positioned to cause vortex amplification, for effective boundary layer mixing with less drag, weight penalty, noise, and energy loss than that of conventional vanetype generators.

7 Claims, 21 Drawing Figures PAIENIEDmzs Ian 3.741.285

' sum 2 or 3 a b c d e BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL OF FLOW SEPARATION AND HEAT EXCHANGE CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a division of my application Ser. No. 743,350, filed July 9, 1968, now US. Pat. No. 3,578,264, issued May 11, I971.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to boundary layer control for the delay and displacement of flow separation and/or for increase in rate of heat exchange over a curved flow-control surface, such as an airfoil or thelike, and more particularly to the employment of surfacegenerated and surface-amplified vortices.

Previous boundary layer control concepts have frequently employed vanes placed normal to the surface and canted relative to the flow direction for the generation of the vortices. The vortices are generated at the tips of the vanes, which are near the outer edge of the boundary layer, so that their energy is drawn from the external stream. As a result, the energy loss will be greater, and the aerodynamic noise will be more intense, than for the present invention in which the vortices are generated and amplified at regions much nearer the surface where velocities are low. In such prior devices, the entire vortex is generated by the vane tip, with no physical mechanism for amplifying the generated vortices. While these vortices so generated are effective, they are often formed at a penalty of weight, cost, noise generation, and energy loss.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention is directed to apparatus in the boundary layer for forming and concentrating vorticity into streamwise vortices, and for amplifying the intensity as they progress along the surface to effect a delay in flow separation.

It is known that when fluid having a viscosity flows past a surface with which it is in contact, the velocity of the fluid in the region adjacent the surface is reduced by friction, and a layer of fluid is formed which has a lower velocity than that of the adjacent stream. This low velocity layer is referred to as the boundary layer, and the depth of the boundary layer is normally defined by the point at which the fluid is moving at 0.99 the speed of the main stream. When this fluid flows from a region of low pressure to a region of high pressure, such as over an airfoil or through a diffuser, the action of the pressure forces it such as to retard the fluid flow. When this becomes sufficiently strong to arrest and reverse the flow of the slow moving fluid in the boundary layer, flow separation results. In referring to airfoils, the flow separation over a large portion of the upper surface is known as the stall.

Vortices have been generated, as mentioned above, to effect mixing of the mainstream flow with the boundary layer to delay flow separation. Streamwise vortices in the boundary layer and extending into the adjacent flow region cause a transfer of streamwise momentum from the exterior flow to the boundary layer immediately adjacent to the solid surface, thus opposing and retarding the onset of flow separation. For the ampliflcation of the streamwise vortices, the present invention makes use of the effect known as the Taylor-Goertler instability which results in streamwise vortex generation where a fluid is caused to flow over a concave surface. A second or following properly spaced concave surface results in the amplification of the vortex.

This invention utilizes a wave-like surface, with surface elements of such amplitude, wave form, wave length, inclination to the flow direction, and such streamwise and lateral distributions of these properties, as to form, and then amplify, streamwise vortices in the boundary layer and adjacent flow region, with the objective of avoiding'or delaying the inception of flow separation, with minimum attendant energy loss, drag, and noise generation. The invention may be advantageously applied to any surface in or upstream of a region of incipient flow separation, such as aircraft wings, helicopter rotors, propellers, stator and rotor blades of compressors and turbines, fans, difiusers, bends and irregularities in flow passages, engine inlets, fairings, and the like. I

The application of the inventive concept to the control of distribution of heat exchange rate between a surface and an external flow is based upon the interdependence between the heat exchange rate and skin friction.

It is accordingly an important object of the invention to provide a flow control surface in which vortex generators are positioned within the boundary layer and form vortices near the surface, and arranged in such a manner as to amplify the vortices in a streamwise direction. i

A further important object of the invention is the provision of apparatus by which surface-generated vortices are amplified by the employment of one or more of a succession of contoured vortex augmenting surfaces, which may be either protuberances or concavities.

A still further object of the invention is the utilization, in a flow control surface, of Taylor-Goertler vortices together with amplification thereof and boundary layer control of flow separation. These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the amplification of vortices by flow over a concave surface;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an airfoil constructed according to this invention;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged isometric view of a surface formed with an array of elements in accordance with a further form of the invention and showing the surface generation, followed by amplification, of streamwise vortices;

FIG. 4 is a further enlarged isometric diagram of a fragment of one of the surface elements of FIG. 3;

FIG. 4A is a plan view of a portion of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is the projection of the streamlines'on a plane normal to the axis of a surface element;

FIG. 6 is a plan diagram showing typical arrays of ei-v ther crest or trough type elements positioned on a surface in accordance with this invention;

FIGS. 7A-7E show a series of longitudinal sections through typical crest type surface elements, as may be taken along the line 7-7 of FIG. 6;

FIGS. 8A-8E are a series of typical cross-sectional views of crest type surface elements, as may be taken generally along the line 8-8 of FIG. 6;

FIG. is a cross-section of a series of trough type sur face elements:

' FIG. 9A is an enlarged plan view looking along the line A-A of FIG. 9; i a

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the invention as applied to a compressor, turbine or fan blade and also illustrates the manner in which the invention may be ap plied to a helicopter rotor blade or the like;

, plification,

FIG. 11 is a somewhat diagrammatic view of a heat exchanger embodying this invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An array of streamwise vortices of alternating sign is shown in FIG. 1 as formed or developed by air flowing in the direction of arrow 21 over a concave surface by the tightening of the 'spirals ov er the succeeding sponding such segments in the precedingand succeeding elements in such a manner that a given Ivortex will always tend to pass over an element 32 which is canted in the same direction. An element 32 canted in the op- 22. The vortices 20 have a low rate of viscous delay and are only slightly attenuated as they pass over a succeed- A second concave suring convex surfaceof curvature. face 22 in the direction of flow 21 causes an amplification of the vortices 20. Thus on a given surface, if the wave amplitude, wave form, wave length, inclination to I flow direction,'andstreamwise and lateraldistributions thereof are optimum, the vortices 20 maybe caused to.

undergo a maximum netampliflcation after traversing a given distance along such a wavy surface.

3 sense adjacent to a surface to separate 1 will tendto guide the vortices to those wave elements FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional diagram of a lifting or 1 thrusting surface, such asan airfoil 25 showingsche matically a wavy upper surface 26 comprising a series of separate surface elements defined by concave segments or depressions 28 followed by convex segments 29, defining thereby a spaced series of concave portions for vortex generation and amplification, separated by a corresponding series of over which the amplified vortex will be only slightly attenuated. I

A further example of wave element structure by means of which vorticity within the boundary layer may be concentrated and directed into the formation of streamwise vortices 20 is shown in FIG. 3, and diagrammed in FIGS. 4 and 5. The surface 30 is formed with, or has formed thereon, a series of semi-cylindrical crest or wave-like elements 32 which are positioned generally transversely to the direction of fluid flow, as

illustrated by the arrows 33. The elements 32 are arranged in alternate or angularly disposed sections 32 A, B, C, etc. in a somewhat zig-zag manner, so that the leading edges 34 thereof are not normal to the flow direction but are at some inclination thereto. In this manner, the formation of vortices of opposite signs is assured.

The flows over the forward and rear slopes of the wave elements 32 are such to concentrate the vorticity of the boundary layer into a vortex sheet 35 over the lee side 36 of the wave elements 32, with the sense of rotation of the sheets alternating from one section to the other. Since the vortex sheet thus formed is unstable, the sheets behind each elements roll up as shown in FIG. 3, into an array of vortices 20 of alternating signs of rotation.

The vortices thus formed are amplified in the concave valleys defined by the lee or trailing surface 36, the leading surface of the following element 32 and the intermediate surface 30. Any tendency of the succeeding wave crests to cause decay is counteracted by the same tendency to concentrate the vorticity which resulted in the original formation of the vortices aft of the leading crests. The amplification is indicated in FIG. 3

convex portions,

external streamline 40. Therefore,

posite direction would tend to damp, rather than amplify, the vortex.Further, the tendencies of vortices of the same senses of rotation to roll into a single vortex, and conversely the tendency of vortices of opposite 32 which are canted in the. direction to amplify their strengths. The flow will thus automatically tend to coing in the staggering of the elel ments in successive arrays. Reference, may be had to FIGS. 4, 4A and 5 for a pensate for misalignments fuller understanding of the manner in which the vortex is created by a crest type surface element 32. Streamline 40 is at the outer edge of the boundary layer, streamline 42 is adjacent to the surface upstream of the crest, and streamline 43 is (initially) adjacent to the surface 36 downstream of the crest. The pressure gradients associated with the flow over the crest cause deflections of these streamlines, as follows. As surface streamline 42 approaches the upstream edge 34 of the wave element, it is deflected toward parallelism with edge 34. As it flows over the element 32 its deflection decreases until the pressure minimum is reached, when its deflection increases again as it approaches the line 46 of flow reversal of the chordwise component, where it lifts from the surface. External streamline 40, being subjected to the same lateral pressure gradients as line 42, deflects in the same way out to a much smaller degree because the momentum of the external flow is much greater than that adjacent to the surface; surface streamline 43 also deflects with the-wave inclination, and if the chordwise component of the pressure gradient is great enough, the cordwise component of the flow reverses and the streamline 43 lifts from the surface at its point of closest approach to 46.

The projections of the streamlines on the chordwise plane normal to the surface (i.e., the plane normal to the axis of element 32) will then have the conventional configuration shown in FIG. 5 for reversal of the chordwise component of the flow. The amplitude, cant, and wave length of the element 32 is designed to provide a sufficiently largespanwise flow component that the direction of the'total flow does not reverse relative to the a turbulent wake with the attendant high energy loss, which is the usual result of flow separation, need 'not occur on the lee side 36 of the element 32. The. vortex sheet 35, which forms where lines 40, 42 and 43 intersect the same chordwise plane, as shown in FIG. 4A, rolls up into the streamwise vortex 20 shown in FIG. 3.

The TayIor-Goertler instability of flow in a boundary layer on a concave surface results from the circum- V stance that, when a fluid element in equilibrium (i.e.,

centrifugal and pressure forces are equal) is displaced The lateral displacement of the inclined segments 32' A, B, C,,etc. are positioned with respect to the correfrom each other,

normal to the streamlines, the restoring force (the difference between centrifugal and pressure forces at the new position) is negative, that is, in the direction to displace the element farther from its equilibrium position. The theory shows that, as a result of the instability of the flow over a concave surface, the array of vortices 20 of FIG. 1 is formed and it predicts their rate of intensification as a function of surface curvature. Smith (Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, Vol. XIII, No. 3, October 1955) compared his theoretical results'with experiments on wings and found that transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer occurs in a region of concave curvature when the calculated amplification reaches a value of 2.7 18 20,000 times. The theory takesinto account only first-order effects, and viscosity of the fluid is neglected; if these effects could be calculated they would show a tendency toward defining an upper bound well under 20,000 times for the amplification. Nevertheless this high value indicates that streamwise vortices are initially greatly intensified when they traverse a surface with concave curvature.

The formation of the streamwise vortices does not require that the boundary layer be laminar; the instability phenomenon is found to be remarkably insensitive to the'velocity, distribution, so that the application of the analyses to the rate of amplification of streamwise vortices in turbulent boundary layers is expected to be valid to a first approximation.

The streamwise vortices 20 will form most readily if the properties of the wave elements 32 are such as to bring about reversal of the chordwise flow component as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. However, if the amplitude of the surface waviness is small, or if its shape is such that the windward slope is high and the leeward gentle, chordwise flow reversal will not occur. Under thesecircumstances, at the Reynolds numbers of most applications, the chordwise vortices will still form, but now as the result of a flow instability closely related to the Taylor-Goertler type; this instability in a three-dimensional flow results from an imbalance between centrifugal and pressure forces on boundary layer fluid elements displaced parallel to the solid surface. The vortices, formed purely as a result of this instability, will tend to be weaker than those involving reversal of the chordwise components as well, but, if the adverse pressure gradient is not steep (i.e., if on a wing the angle of attack is not more than 4 above the clean surface stalling angle) and if the inverted V or sawtooth element arrays begin approximately five to times the boundary layer thickness upstream of the clean surface separation point, the amplification by both types of centrifugal instability will still provide effective delay of flow separation.

Reference may be had to the several views of FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 for various configurations of surface elements 32 which may be used to produce and amplify the vortices in accordance with this invention. In each of these figures, the cross-sectional views of various configurations of the elements 32 are shown in relation to a typical boundary layer 6 identified bythe broken lines 50. Thus, FIG. 7A represents a longitudinal section through an element 32 which is of constant height throughout its length. However, the height of the element may vary longitudinally of its length, for example to a peak midway'of its length as shown in FIG. 7B, or to a longitudinally off-set peak as shown in FIG. 7C, or have a symmetrical transverse convex surface of FIG. 7D, or an asymmetrical convex surface as shown in FIG. 7E. The choice of element height in a longitudinal sense, as represented by the several examples given in FIGS. 7A-E, would be chosen for the particular application in order to achieve optimum effect on flow separation or heat transfer with minimum penalty and energy loss or sound generation. The greater height will necessarily result in a deeper following concave surface for vortex generation or amplification. It will be noted that the height, in each case, is preferably less than the anticipated boundary layer thickness as indicated at reference line 50.

Cross-sectional shapes of positive, convex, or crest type elements 32 may also be varied, as indicated by the several examples of FIG. 8. In FIG. 8A, the element is shown as being ground, and in FIG. 83 it is square. FIGS. 8C, D and E show variations in convex crosssectional shapes, in which FIG. 8C more closely resembles the example of the element 32 of FIGS. 4 and 5. FIG. 8D shows such an element with a sloping front surface and a rapidly dropping rear surface while the opposite configuration is shown in FIG. 8E. Again, the choice of cross-sectional shape will depend on the particular application, and other factors, such as convenience of material. The cost of duplication, may also be important. In each configuration, it is seen that the element has a trailing surface which forms with the adjacent surface 22 a generally concave section for vortex generation and amplification.

As shown in FIG. 2, the vortex generating structure comprises concavities formed on or in a primary air control surface. A modified arrangement is shown in FIG. 9 in which the surface undulations form alternate concavities 28 and crests 29 having a periodic spacing 52 which may be in the order of about 108, but may vary between 5-208. The depth 53 is preferably less than the boundary layer thickness. The leading trough 28 is formed of a somewhat different construction, for more positive vortex formation, and includes a series of longitudinally-spaced, wedge-shaped fill plates 55. The apex 56 of a plate 55 faces forwardly, and the upper surface 57 is coterminous and coplanar with the surface 22 across the top of the trough 28' so that the plate 55 does not project into the air stream or into the boundary layer. whether plate 55 is formed with sharp right-angle or slightly rounded side edges will not affect critically the strengths of the vortices generated.

It is within the scope of this invention to employ troughs or surface depressions 28 in lieu of positive protruding elements 32 as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, and throughout the embodiments of FIGS. 6 and 10-15, it

is intended that the illustrative positioning of the arrays of elements refers to either type of vortex generating construction, that is, either convex (32) or concave (28).

FIG. 6 shows a typical array of the elements 32 or .28 in which the elements are arranged in individual chevrons 60, on the lefthand portion of FIG. 6, and in a continuous zig-zag arrangement 62 on the righthand side. A second array of vchevrons is positioned downstream of the first array 60 and provides vortex amplification. Similarly, a continuous zig-zag array 72 is positioned downstream of the array 62 for the same purpose. It is not necessary that the elements themselves lie in straight lines as in the examples 62, 70 and 72. Accordingly, a third array may comprise a wavy line 74 positioned in common to the arrays 60-70 and 62-72,

in a downstream related manner, for further net amplification of the vortices.

FIG. shows several applications of the present invention to an aircraft 76. A series of sawtooth-like element arrays 78 may be positioned just ahead of an engine inlet duct 80 to prevent separation as the air approaches the inlet, while a further array 82 may be positioned just downstream of the relatively sharp inlet lip of the engine inlet 80 to prevent separation at high angles of attack. A further series of arrays indicated at 84 in FIG. 10 at the wing-fuselag junction deflect bound ary layer air and generate and amplify vortices to prevent separation at this junction. Similar arrays could be used at the junction of the horizontal and vertical stabilizer surfaces.

Separation at the movable surfaces, such as flaps, ailerons, etc., may be prevented by sawtooth arrays of the type 60-70 or 62-72, with the first row being positioned ahead of the hinge point, as shown at 88. A second row 90 is positioned downstream of the hinge point.

As a specific example of the application of the teachings of the present invention to a surface, a symmetrical airfoil shape of -inch chord, 17-inch span, with end plates 22 inches in diameter was mounted on a turntable near the center of the cross-section of a wind tunnel, the orientation of which could be varied continuously from outside the tunnel. The wind speed was 125 ft/sec and the Reynolds number was 10".

The vortex generators consisted of rod type elements, FIGS. 7A and 8A, arranged in a single V-shaped row, such as at 60 in FIG. 6. The rods making up the arms of the Vs were 0.1 inch in diameter, 1.8 inches long; the total included angle of the Vs was 25 and their spanwise spacing was 1.2 inches.

The clean wing was stalled near the mid-span and midchord at an angle of attack a of l4.7. The vortex generators were then attached to the surface with the apex of the Vs at 4.5 inches from the leading edge. The flow near mid-span was unstalled'until a 19.5 and I even then the stall was limited to the region near the endplates at the highest angles of attack, but the use of the vortex generators lead to an increase in maximum lift.

The test yielded the'following design information: one array of inverted V-type generator with height Q equal to 0.5 6, length equal to 9 6, total included angle of 25, and spanwise spacing of 6 8, with midpoint located at 0.36 chord, delayed the stall of the wing by about 5, thus increasing the maximum lift coefficient by about 0.5 over that of the wing without generators. Considering amplification of the spanwise vortices when they traverse a concave region the above performance could be improved by adding one or more arrays of approximately the same dimensions at chordwise spacings of 2 to 3 inches. On the other hand, the above performance could be equaled, with resulting decrease in drag increment, by using about three arrays with element height of about 0.25 6 and chordwise spacings of 1.5 to 2 inches.

The tests show that effective delay of flow separation can be achieved with this type of vortex generator at a ratio of generator height to boundary layer thickness of around half that recommended for the vane-type genat low speeds, the drag penalty at high speeds would be minimized. v

When used on compressor and turbine stator and rotor blades, as in FIG. 10, the generators can be used to avoid flow separation, particularly on blades designed for high loading. Even at low loadings however they would be effective in delaying or avoiding the shock stall" at those radial positions where the relative flow is transonic. At these locations the V or sawtooth wave elements 32 applied to the blade upstream of the shock location will avoid flow separation in the region of rapid pressure recovery associated with the shock. The elements of the arrays would all be swept behind the Mach angle of the flow upstream of the shock.

In all of the applications at transonic and supersonic speeds minimum drag penalty would result if care is exercised sothat at no point will any streamline encounter a compression turn greater than the Mach angle. One possibility for minimizing the drag penalty would be to fare the elements gently into cusps of zero amplitude at the leading and trailing points. 1

The invention is useful in preventing or delaying flow separation in the flow around elbows or the like in enclosed conduits or other confined flow passageways, by I the placement of suitable generators in the wall of the conduit ahead of the region of flow separation. Further, the invention may be employed to prevent or delay flow separation at re-entrant corners in space vehicles,

such as at the junction of the body and a flare in the surface of missiles and'the like.

The apparatus is useful in increasing the rate of heat exchange between the fluid and the surface, as well as the delaying flow separation. This use stems from the circumstances that any increase in mixing between the external flow and the fluid layers adjacent to the surface will increase the heat exchange between thefluid and the surface as well as delay flow separation. Thus, not only will the separated flow region with its very low heat exchange rate be avoided but, in addition, the heat exchange rate can be increased over the entire wetted area by the introduction of streamwise vortices. For this purpose, the entire surface could be rendered wavy as shownin FIGS. 2 and 9, for example, in which case the amplitudes need be only about one-third or less of the boundary layer thickness. If the heat exchanger incorporates closely spaced parallel sheet metal fins, V or saw-tooth waves 32, with semi-apex angles 116 (FIG. 10) of 20 to 40 could, for instance, be stamped into them.

A heat exchanger incorporating principles of the invention is shown at 200 in FIG. 11. The exchanger 200 employs a plurality of closely spaced parallel sheetmetal fins 202 in which the V or saw-toothwaves 32 are formed. The semi-apex angle as identified at 116 in FIG. 10, may be between 2040, and the wave elements may conveniently be stamped into the fins 202,

thus forming positive crests on one side of the sheet and negative crests on the opposite surface. It is preferable, in stacking the heat exchanger fins 202, to position them so that a crest on one sheet is opposite a valley on the next adjacent sheet, although this is not critical.

The coolant tubes 205 extend through, are positioned normal to, the fins 202, and preferably have a fineness ratio which is greater than unity with the long axis thereof in the direction of the main stream. The wave elements 32 and tubes 205 are preferably spaced so as to form a pair of vortices between each pair of tubes.

The wave elements on the fins 202 will form and amplify an array of streamwise vortices with alternating senses of rotation. If the boundary layer Reynolds number is about 500 or above, the vortices generated cause transition to turbulence to occur, and the heat exchange rate is substantially increased over that of a conventional heat exchanger. In other words, the longitudinal vortices will increase the rate of heat exchange whether the boundary layer is laminar or tubulent, and, if laminar, the effect of the vortices induces transition to turbulence, causing a further increase in heat exchange rate. The coolant tubes 106 are subjected to an appreciable axial flow component as a part of the vortex flow field. The resulting inclined flow field will tend to retard flow separation and further increase the heat exchange rate.

It is accordingly seen that this invention provides vortex generating means positioned within the boundary layer and effective to prevent flow separation or to delay such separation, of a fluid flowing over a curved surface. Generators within the boundary layer may take the form of either surface concavities, or crests which define concavities on the downstream side thereof, and being arranged in arrays so that succeeding arrays effect amplification of vortices generated by preceding arrays. The vortex generators of the present invention are accordingly particularly adapted for employment on axially symmetric and other threedimensional bodies, in diffusors and curved passages, on control surfaces, on compressor and turbine blades, and the like, at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic relative speeds where drag, noise generation, space, cost and weight penalty associated with vane type generators are not warrented or feasible. The dimensions and configurations of the zig-zag or V-shaped arrays should be designed for maximum utilization of the boundary layer vorticity (by rotation of the boundary layer vorticity vectors to the streamwise direction) in the formation of the downstream vortices to delay flow separation and/or increase heat exchange.

By comparison, the vane type device, which projects more than twice as far into the flow, depends, for vortex formation, on the lift generated by the vanes. Therefore, for equal effectiveness in delaying separation, the power loss for vortex formation alone will, because of the drag due to lift and vane profile drag, be much greater than for the present invention. In addition, the present invention provides efficient means for vortex amplification.

While the forms of apparatus and method herin described constitute preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these precise forms of apparatus and methods and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. Apparatus for increasing the rate of heat exchange between two fluid mediums of different temperatures, comprising a plurality of transversely spaced apart fins defining longitudinal passages therebetween for the flow of one of said mediums, a plurality of tubes extending transversely through said fins and defining passageways therein for the flow of the other of said fluid mediums, means on said fins defining a plurality of elongated flow diverting elements having a transverse height less than the thickness of the adjacent boundary layer of said one fluid medium and inclined at an acute angle to the direction of flow of said one medium for forming in said boundary layer a plurality of streamwise vortices to increase the rate of heat exchange between said mediums.

2. Apparatus for increasing the rate of heat exchange between two fluid mediums of different temperatures separated by impervious barrier means defining surfaces contiguous with each of said mediums, comprising means on one of said surfaces defining a plurality of elongated flow diverting elements which have amplitudes which are less than the thickness of the boundary layer in the adjacent one of said fluid mediums and which have lengths which are substantially greater than the boundary layer thickness extending in a direction generally transversely to, but inclined at an angle from 20 to 40 to, the direction of flow of said one fluid medium for forming in said boundary layer a corresponding plurality of streamwise vortices extending downstream adjacent said one surface to increase the rate of heat exchange between said mediums.

3. In a heat exchanger having means defining a series of spaced apart tubes through which a fluid flows to be cooled or heated and in which a plurality of fins are attached to the tubes to define air passages extending transversely of said tubes through which air flows, the improvement comprising means on said fins defining vortex inducing generators in the form of elongated flow diverting elements, said elements having a height extending partially into the boundary layer air adjacent the surface of said fins and extending in a direction transversely to, but inclined at acute angle to the direction of air flow for causing the formation of streamwise vortices in the air stream extending along the streamline of the flow between said tubes to improve the rate of heat exchange between the air moving through said passages and the fluid moving through said tubes and delaying or preventing a region of separated flow between the air stream through said passages.

,5, The apparatus of claim 1 in which said wave elements form a plurality of V-shaped crests having a semi-apex angle of from 2040.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said tubes have a fineness ratio greater than unity.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said fins are formed of sheet metal and said elements are stamped into the sheet metal.

.7. The apparatus of claim 2 in which said elements are arranged in a plurality of transversely-spaced V- shaped arrays having downstream surfaces defining troughs of a corresponding configuration.

l I b t t 

1. Apparatus for increasing the rate of heat exchange between two fluid mediums of different temperatures, comprising a plurality of transversely spaced apart fins defining longitudinal passages therebetween for the flow of one of said mediums, a plurality of tubes extending transversely through said fins and defining passageways therein for the flow of the other of said fluid mediums, means on said fins defining a plurality of elongated flow diverting elements having a transverse height less than the thickness of the adjacent boundary layer of said one fluid medium and inclined at an acute angle to the direction of flow of said one medium for forming in said boundary layer a plurality of streamwise vortices to increase the rate of heat exchange between said mediums.
 2. Apparatus for increasing the rate of heat exchange between two fluid mediums of different temperatures separated by impervious barrier means defining surfaces contiguous with each of said mediums, comprising means on one of said surfaces defining a plurality of elongated flow diverting elements which have amplitudes which are less than the thickness of the boundary layer in the adjacent one of said fluid mediums and which have lengths which are substantially greater than the boundary layer thickness extending in a direction generally transversely to, but inclined at an angle from 20* to 40* to, the direction of flow of said one fluid medium for forming in said boundary layer a corresponding plurality of streamwise vortices extending downstream adjacent said one surface to increase the rate of heat exchange between said mediums.
 3. In a heat exchanger having means defining a series of spaced apart tubes through which a fluid flows to be cooled or heated and in which a plurality of fins are attached to the tubes to define air passages extending transversely of said tubes through which air flows, the improvement comprising means on said fins defining vortex inducing generators in the form of elongated flow diverting elements, said elements having a height extending partially into the boundary layer air adjacent the surface of said fins and extending in a direction transversely to, but inclined at acute angle to the direction of air flow for causing the formation of streamwise vortices in the air stream extending along the streamline of the flow between said tubes to improve the rate of heat exchange between the air moving through said passages and the fluid moving through said tubes and delaying or preventing a region of separated flow between the air stream through said passages.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said wave elements form a plurality of V-shaped crests having a semi-apex angle of from 20*-40*.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said tubes have a fineness ratio greater than unity.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said fins are formed of sheet metal and said elements are stamped into the sheet metal.
 7. The apparatus of claim 2 in which said elements are arranged in a plurality of transversely-spaced V-shaped arrays having downstream surfaces defining troughs of a corresponding configuration. 